![]() Therefore, fish predation must be considered a major factor in understanding the community structure or distribution of primary consumers such as invertebrates. Although some adult fish consume other fish (i.e., juvenile fish) as food sources, including piscivorous fishes, small invertebrates are their main food source. Empirical studies have suggested that the foraging activity of fish, which play apex predator roles within freshwater food webs, has a strong influence on the temporal and spatial distributions of invertebrates such as zooplankton, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Odonata. Although primary producer groups such as phytoplankton and aquatic macrophytes are mainly affected by physical and chemical disturbances (e.g., environmental change, pollution, and nutrients) rather than predation, primary consumer groups are largely affected by predators. Predation often has a stronger effect than competition on the structure and species diversity of biological communities. Therefore, biological interactions are closely related to the decrease or increase in species diversity or abundance within a specific region. ![]() Compared with terrestrial and marine ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems not only have a very limited range but also low continuity hence, contact between individuals or communities is frequent, and relatively diverse organisms coexist in one space. In freshwater ecosystems, biological interactions such as competition and predation are important factors for understanding the community structure and species diversity. macrochirus introduced into Korean wetlands has been sufficient to change the cladoceran community structure therefore, the abundance of epiphytes cladocerans in other countries or regions needs to be provided priority to the dominance and consumption pattern of L. The low density of pelagic cladoceran species further increased the epiphytic species abundance. Epiphytic species were the most abundant, whereas pelagic species abundance was relatively low. macrochirus was reflected in the seasonal cladoceran distribution. Selective consumption of pelagic species by L. We hypothesize that epiphytic cladoceran species are not easily explored by L. ![]() macrochirus were pelagic (i.e., Daphnia obtusa and Daphnia pulex) epiphytic species were consumed less (i.e., Chydorus shpaericus, Alona retangula, and Pleroxus laevis). Most of the cladoceran species that were highly consumed by L. macrochirus with body sizes < 10 cm, and their cladoceran consumption was higher than that of larger size classes. Here, we hypothesized that the cladoceran community structures in three wetlands (Upo, Jangcheok, and Beongae) with abundant macrophytes within the Nakdong River basin, South Korea, were influenced by high abundance and foraging activities of L. Fish predation is restricted in areas with high aquatic macrophyte coverage however, bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus), an exotic fish species, can consume prey even in such spaces.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |